In the 20th century, Baltimore's Pennsylvania Avenue, often called "The Avenue," was the heart of the city's Black arts and entertainment scene, a vibrant hub of music, clubs, theaters, and culture
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Notable musical history
• A Mecca for Black Culture: Pennsylvania Avenue, like Harlem in New York or Shaw in Washington, D.C., was a vital center of African-American culture, especially for its educated middle class, including lawyers, doctors, and civil rights leaders.
• The Royal Theater: This iconic venue, a key stop on the Chitlin' Circuit, which showcased Black performers during segregation, hosted legendary musicians like Duke Ellington, Nat King Cole, Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, Ray Charles, James Brown, B.B. King, Billie Holiday, and many more. The Royal, which tragically was demolished in 1971, was considered the crown jewel of the district, according to Baltimore Magazine.
• Other Music Venues: Besides the Royal, other establishments like the Sphinx Club, Club Tijuana, and Ike Dixon's comedy club contributed to The Avenue's vibrant music scene.
• Local Talent: Many Baltimore-born musicians and performers, including singer Cab Calloway, drummer Chick Webb, and Ethel Ennis, Baltimore's "First Lady of Jazz," got their start and honed their skills in the clubs and churches along Pennsylvania Avenue.
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The impact of segregation
Pennsylvania Avenue offered a welcoming environment for Black musicians during segregation, who were often excluded from performing at other venues across the country. This created a thriving ecosystem of venues where Black artists could freely express their creativity and connect with appreciative audiences.
Decline and revitalization
Despite its rich musical past, the area faced disinvestment due to redlining, blockbusting, and racially restrictive covenants. However, a renewed effort, led by the community, has seen Pennsylvania Avenue designated as a Black Arts & Entertainment District. This designation aims to preserve the area's history, revitalize the neighborhood, and create economic opportunities.
Modern Pennsylvania Avenue
Today, visitors can find a replica of the Royal Theater's marquee and The Avenue Bakery, which doubles as a museum celebrating the history of the area. The Pennsylvania Avenue Black Arts & Entertainment District continues to honor the area's legacy and fosters new artistic and cultural growth.